Succcessful Entrepreneurship Self-Supporting - 953 Words

In today’s society, the key factor of entrepreneurship is to allow people to become self-supporting. Entrepreneurship is an employ approach that helps lead people to financial self-sufficiency, even for people with disabilities. Entrepreneurship supplies people with disabilities and their relatives with the prospective to consider and establish enterprises as the boss, rather than just being an employee. Many possibilities come from entrepreneurs and their concepts that they contribute to the world. They can assist to the moneys in a number of ways. There are exceptional ways that entrepreneurs add value to America’s capitals is through investments, paid work, providing diverse goods and services, worldwide trade, and much more. The†¦show more content†¦The fifth distinctiveness is â€Å"Become Known as an Expert† becoming known as an expert is another style of prospecting for new business, just in reverse. Instead of finding new and qualified people to sell to, people seek you out for your expertise. Sixth, is â€Å"Invest in Yourself† which to me is one of my most favorite and most important keys to becoming a successful entrepreneurs. Top entrepreneurs buy and read business and marketing books, magazines, reports, journals, newsletters, websites and industry publications, knowing that these resources will improve their understanding of business and marketing functions and skills. They join business associations and clubs, and they network with other skilled business people to learn their secrets of success and help define their own goals and objectives. Top entrepreneurs never stop investing in the most powerful, effective and best business marketing tool at their immediate disposal – themselves. Be Accessible – Make it easy for people to do business with you. You must be able to provide customers with what they want, when they want it. Sell the Benefits – Pushing product is for inexperienced or wannabe entrepreneurs. Get and Stay Organized – Have systems in place. Small things such as creating a to-do list at the end of each business day, or for the week, will keep you on top of important tasks. Take

Essay on Working in Business - 649 Words

Task The purpose of the assessment is to produce a professional presentation on an aspect of professionalism in the workplace. In the tutorial in week 3 (tutorial 2) your tutor will issue a presentation topic to your team and spend some time discussing how you might approach it. The topics are: * Team Diversity Your team needs to research the topic and prepare a professional presentation to the board of directors of SOUND WAVE, an Australian ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RETAILER with 68 stores and 3,500 employees. Your presentation should be structured as a PERSUASIVE PROPOSAL; your aim is to convince the board to implement your recommendation. Introduction The purpose of this presentation is to discuss a current issue affecting the†¦show more content†¦The rationale for using teams is that there are inherent synergies, such that the team is greater than the sum of its parts. Teams allow both functional specialisation and collaborative interaction. Organisations should seek to form the most effective teams from their employees Australian workplaces are amongst the most diverse in the world. Many generations of immigration have created a diverse range of cultural backgrounds. The workforce is aging. There are more females employed and more employees come from non English speaking backgrounds. More people are shifting employers and occupations, bringing with them a greater range of skills, experiences and value sets. As the workforce becomes more diverse, so too will work teams These changes represent a challenge to Australian management. Diverse work teams operate differently to homogenous teams. There tends to be greater friction, conflict and communication problems. However, there are substantial potential gains to be made. There is strong evidence that diverse teams produce more creative and effective outcomes. 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Business Economics Housing Market in the UK

Question: Describe the following points?a. Identify the nature of resource cost structure and the practical significance of different costs. b) Explain the factors influencing optimum size and the significance of demand and supply relationships.c) Demonstrate an understanding of the relevance and limitations. Answer: Introduction The housing market plays a crucial role in the economy. The housing market influences the economy by growth in output, financial market stability and the monetary policy related to the transmission mechanism. A large part of the income of the household can be involved in the purchase of the house which makes the transactions of the house a relevant with respect to the economy. One of the most striking features of the UK housing market is its volatility. Two major booms and busts were experienced by the UK housing market within the last few decades. (Ons.gov.uk, 2015) Mark Carney, the governor of the Bank of England (BoE) has expressed concern regarding the boom in the property sector in an interview with Skys Murnaghan show. This factor is believed to pose a big threat to the economic recovery of the Britain. Then trend in house price reveals that over the past six years, the house prices rose the fastest and have escalated to 8.9% based on a year. The primary cause for the rise in the price of the house is the excess demand for houses and shortage in the supply of houses. The situation can be handled by two relevant factors. Firstly, the bank must be prepared with excess reserves with which it can counter the risks of bad loans which is the result of the deterioration of the housing market in the UK. Secondly, a proper check should be implemented while sanctioning loans and mortgages to individuals and ensure that they are able to repay back. (E-Residentials | Online Estate Agent, 2014) Causes of changes in the housing market: There are several factors that affect the housing industry and its pricing mechanism. Some of the causes related to such changes in the housing market are discussed below: (Pettinger, 2011) Economic Growth- the commodity house is regarded as normal good depicting positive income elasticity. This implies that as income of the individual decreases, people are unable to purchase houses or make the mortgage payments. This leads to the situation where the banks take possession of such houses. UK has experienced a GDP growth in the third quarter of 2014 of about 0.7% which made the economy the fastest growing G7 economy despite the economic slowdown. (Allen, 2014) This implies that the incomes of the households have increased which thereby increased the demand for houses. This ultimately raised the house prices. (Positive Money, 2013) Unemployment- the employment rate of the UK has risen to 73% which implies that the individuals are employed and are earning. This increase in the income of the individuals led to the increase in the demand for houses which again led to the hike in the prices of the house. (Monaghan and Inman, 2014) Rate of Interest- the interest rate in the UK market was somewhat stable throughout the year 2014 at about 0.5%. The impact of low interest rate is felt by the individuals regarding their mortgage payments. If the rate of interests were low then the mortgages payment would be less. Thus lower interest would attract more individuals to buy houses. This would create a situation of excess demand in the housing market which will drive up the price. (BBC News, 2014) Consumer Confidence- the trend in the housing prices is relevant in this respect. The confidence of the consumers regarding the purchase of the houses depends on the anticipation of the rise or fall in the price of the house. If the consumer follows the trend in the house price to be raising them they will be willing to make the purchase. This would drive up the demand. Availability of mortgage- in the year 2014 there was substantial increase in the availability of mortgage loans. The latest credit conditions report of the BoE reveals that the rise in the mortgage loans is due to the low deposit norms. This increased the demand for houses and raised the price thereafter. (The Guardian, 2014) Supply- the shortage in the supply of the houses ultimately led to the increase in the price of the houses. Mark Carney was of the view that problem related to the shortage of new houses remain unsolved, even Central Bank was also not able to resolve the issue. It was estimated that the rate of houses was below the count of 200,000 which can be the minimum scale. (Inman, 2015) Factors affecting the price: We know that the basic determinants of the changes in the house prices are the demand and supply mechanism of the houses. But these determinants are in turn affected by the macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. It is necessary to analyze different macro and micro economic factors that affect the pricing and purchasing decision in the housing market. Below are some of the macro and micro issues discussed. (Tan, 2015) (Ft.com, 2015) Macroeconomic factors: 1. Population growth including the foreign workforce and migration- the estimated population growth rate in the year 2014 in the UK was 0.54%.(Indexmundi.com, 2015) An increase in population always exerts pressure on the housing market. But the shortage of houses and the population growth aggravated the increase in price. According to the Malthusian theory the population is believed to grow at a geometric rate which means that even if the rate of population growth is little, there is not enough accommodation to absorb the new population. (Galor and Weil, 2000)2. Employment and wage growth- As the employment scenario in the UK has improved; the employment rate has increased which in turn brought about growth in the wages. Thus we can say that individuals now have increased income in their hands which enhanced their credit liability. People will now have the confidence and affordability to take loans and mortgages to purchase houses. Thus creating a situation of excess demand in the ec onomy which will drive up the price in the real estate sector.3. Construction costs- Several government policies are initiated when the building projects are introduced by the developers. This creates a consciousness among the developers about their project and these delays the building projects. This momentary delay causes a shortage of houses and the ever increasing population puts forward a situation of excess demand which raise the property price.4. Financing properties- when there is increased availability of mortgages and loans, and then there must be easy and smooth access to it. This can be done by the banks and other financial companies. If the facilities of loan and mortgages are offered through a simple and easy process then people will have easy access to monetary resources to purchase houses. This will enhance the demand and thus cause a hike in the price of the houses.5. Land scarcity- the ratio of land area to the population explains the fact that there is too much of population and the availability of land area is not that great. This scarcity of land arising due to population growth results in a increase in demand for houses. Thus price of the housing market increased. (McGrath, 2014)6. Exchange rate- the depreciation of the exchange rate causes the price of the foreign house to rise and an appreciation causes the price of these houses to increase in the foreign countries. Thus there is substantial influence of exchange rate on the price of the housing market. Microeconomic factors: 1. Location and amenities- the accessibility of highways, expressways, hospital, school, banks, markets, shopping mall etc. has a greater influence on the purchase decision of the buyers of the house. A proper and refreshing locality along with required amenities will automatically drive up the price of the house. if the location of the house is not that attractive then the buyer would not be willing to pay higher price for the house.2. Government planning- government sometimes have greater plans for a particular locality by enhancing the infrastructure. The prices of the house in those areas can be anticipated to increase.3. Building style- the architectural structure of houses influence the price of the house. The building style which is believed to be unique drives up the price of the house.4. Taste and preferences- the preference of the house being on countryside or near a mountain hill or across a river can influence the price of the house. The price of the house is sensitive to the macroeconomic factors but the aspect of the microeconomic influence cannot be ignored. Challenges of the property market: The demand and supply conditions determine the level of equilibrium in the housing market. The rise in the price is depicted by a shortage of supply of houses. This aggravated excess demand which caused a hike in the price of the houses in the UK. To drive down the price there is an urgent need to increase the building of houses so that the new population is accommodated. In this regard the macroeconomic factors like economic growth, employment rate, location, government planning was to be considered while making pricing decision of the houses. Thus the problems and challenges in the property markets are affected by the macroeconomic variable as well as the demand and supply side of the market. (Economicsonline.co.uk, 2015) (UK Parliament, 2015) Conclusion: The report is formulated based on the interview of the governor of Bank of England, Mark Carney and his concern regarding the housing market in the UK. The rise in the price is due to the shortage in the supply of houses. Thus measures should be taken to increase the supply of houses in the country by offering subsidies to the private property developers, relaxing the regulations of the house building, providing tax concession for certain house building areas etc. It is also important to regulate the demand of the houses in order to maintain equilibrium in the economy. To stabilize the housing market other macroeconomic factors are also required to be maintained. (Galati, Teppa and Alessie, n.d.) (White, 2014) References Allen, K. (2014). UK on track to be fastest growing G7 economy despite slowdown.The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/24/uk-economic-growth-slows [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. BBC News, (2014).Rates 'to stay at 0.5% this year'. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-25561477 [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Economicsonline.co.uk, (2015).UK house prices. [online] Available at: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/House_prices.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. E-Residentials | Online Estate Agent, (2014).E-Residentials | Online Estate Agent. [online] Available at: https://www.e-residentials.co.uk/#!Mark-Carney-House-Prices-Biggest-Risk-To-Economy-/cky5/6B899536-9302-452E-AB1E-FDCEF3931DAF [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Ft.com, (2015).UK house prices: In depth news, commentary and analysis from theFinancial Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/indepth/uk-house-prices [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Galati, G., Teppa, F. and Alessie, R. (n.d.). Macro and Micro Drivers of House Price Dynamics: An Application to Dutch Data.SSRN Journal. Galor, O. and Weil, D. (2000). Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond.American Economic Review, 90(4), pp.806-828. Indexmundi.com, (2015).United Kingdom Population growth rate - Demographics. [online] Available at: https://www.indexmundi.com/united_kingdom/population_growth_rate.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Inman, P. (2015). Mark Carney: rising house prices pose biggest risk to recovery.The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/18/mark-carney-house-prices-risk-economy-bank-of-england [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. McGrath, M. (2014).UK faces 'significant' land shortage. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28003435 [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Monaghan, A. and Inman, P. (2014). UK unemployment falls below 2 million for first time since financial crisis.The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/15/uk-unemployment-falls-6-percent-lowest-lehman-brothers [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Ons.gov.uk, (2015).House Price Index, December 2014 - ONS. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/hpi/house-price-index/december-2014/stb-december-2014.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Pettinger, T. (2011).Factors that affect the housing market | Economics Help. [online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/377/housing/factors-that-affect-the-housing-market/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Positive Money, (2013).House prices: why are they so high? | Positive Money. [online] Available at: https://www.positivemoney.org/issues/house-prices/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Tan, A. (2015).Macro And Micro Factors That Make The Property Market Tick | Propertylogy. [online] Propertylogy.com. Available at: https://www.propertylogy.com/knowledge/macro-and-micro-factors-that-make-the-property-market-tick/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. The Guardian, (2014). Mortgage price war expected as UK lenders fight for market share. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/oct/07/mortgage-price-war-uk-lenders-market-share [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. UK Parliament, (2015).Housing supply and demand. [online] Available at: https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/key-issues-for-the-new-parliament/social-reform/housing-supply-and-demand/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. White, A. (2014). Nationwide: House prices rise but so do mortgage rejections.The Telegraph. [online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/house-prices/11197402/Nationwide-House-prices-rise-but-so-do-mortgage-rejections.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015].

Underground Band Music Musician of Bangladesh free essay sample

The underground bands in our country are originally influenced by western underground culture and Metallic, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Megalith, Painter, Bullet For My Valentine, Children of Stood, Cradle of Filth, Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Green Days, Van Helen and so on. Some musicians of underground bands play an important role in promoting and developing underground music and musical activities. During these few years we have seen many big musical talent hunt shows in country. These talent hunt shows were telecast in national TV channels.In these days we can see that people love to go concerts and places where music is available. In the past underground music were very much neglected by the common people of our country. Ere present situation of our country is favorable to the music industry and culture of our country. Now-a-days different event management firms are not only coming forward to organize music events and shows but also they are helping promoting of underground music and bands. Underground bands of our country are not only performing in our country but also doing the same in some others countries.Even they are working with foreign bands and artists. We really hope that someday the underground music of our country will get international recognition. 11)Underground World Music: Ere term underground music has been applied to several artistic movements, such s the psychedelic music movement of the mid-asses, but the term underground has since then come to be defined by any musical artist/band that avoids becoming a trend/mainstream. Other early underground bands include the Velvet Underground, MAC, The Grateful Dead, Patti Smith, and the Stooges.Frank Zap tried to define underground by noting that the mainstream comes to you, but you have to go to the underground. In the asses, the term underground was associated Ninth the hippie counterculture of young people who had dropped out of college and their middle class life to live in an off-the-grid commune of fre e love and cannabis. In modern popular music, the term underground refers to a performers or bands ranging from artists that do DID guerilla concerts and self-recorded shows to those that are signed to small independent labels.In some musical styles, the term controversial, as in the case of early asses death metal bands in the US such as Cannibal Corpse for their gory cover art and lyrical themes. Black metal is also an underground form of music and its Norwegian scene are notorious for their association with church burnings, the occult, murders and their Anti-Christian views. All of extreme metal is considered underground music for its extreme nature. 1. 1)Evolution: Ere style of underground music ranges from the asses psychedelic music of the US hippie counterculture, to the DID anti-corporatism of asses-era punk rock, to asses and asses-era hip hop.While the term comprises a range of different musical genres, they can typically share common values, such as the valuing of sincerity and intimacy; an e mphasis on freedom of creative expression; an appreciation of artistic creativity. As well, while very few types of underground music are completely hidden -?except perhaps the underground rock scenes in the pre-Geographer Soviet Union-? he performances and recordings may be difficult to find for outsiders. Some underground musical genres never left their non-mainstream roots, such as Jagged, aggressive I-J 82-style hardcore punk bands like Discharge.Some underground styles eventually became mainstream, commercialese pop styles, such as underground hip hop of the early asses, which eventually became popular. In the asses, the increasing availability of the Internet and digital music technologies made underground music easier to distribute using streaming audio and bedposts. Some experts in cultural studies now argue that that there is no underground because the internet has made what was underground music accessible to everyone at the click of a mouse.One expert, Martin Raymond, of London based company The Future Laboratory commented in an article in The Independe nt, saying trends in music, art and politics are frequently changing. 11. 2)Trends and Current Situation: Music is a part of life and culture. As the time passes music finds a way of its own like our life style, culture and attitude. Different types of new music genres are being introduced every day. People are accepting these new trends in a positive way which Nas not possible in previous times. This is a significant sign that worlds music culture is walking toward a vast new musical evolution.With the development of technologies and communication system the quality of music is getting richer and becoming available to the people of every corner of the world. Page Z)Underground Music In Bangladesh: Englands is traditionally very rich in its musical heritage. From the ancient times, music documented the lives of the people and was widely patronized by the rulers. Music style of Bangladesh may be divided into three categories, mainly the classical, folk and the modern. 1971-1990: Bangladesh becomes independent during this period of time.So as an obvious fact patriotic song was the most popular genre in this era. During 75176 the now GURU of angel pop music, Exam Khan started a whole new era of music that lasted till the nineties. They introduced some modern instruments like Electric guitar, Bass, Drums and Banjo etc. Influenced by the western pattern of music, such as band like Battles, Eagles, and Rainbow etc. 1991-2000: During this time pop music or the so-called band music captured the music industry of our country. Souls, Obscure, Feed Back, Chime, Different Touch, Renaissance, L. R.B, Feelings, Miles, Winning, ARK, Mongo Ball, Warfare etc. Were some of the leading bands of our country at that time. They had begun a new race in lyrics and composition. These bands were greatly influenced by the western music of that time. They started a different genre of music in our country with a western flavor, by which our teen generation are still amazed. 2000-Present: In this era some extremely popular bands like Black, Orthicon, ARTICLE, Chromatin, Cryptic Fate and a few others raised in this country. Most of them were influenced by the western metallic bands like Metallic, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest,Black Sabbath, Megalith, Supernatural etc. Some underground bands like Mechanic, Power Surge, Stentorian, Generalist, Nemesis, Airbrush are hugely popular among the new generation. Page 2. 2)Some of the popular underground bands and their genre: 1)Rock/Hard Rock/Alternative Rock/Progressive Rock Cryptic Fate Article The Watson Brothers DNA Fake Plastic Superheroes Breach Nemesis Decipher Bassoonist 2)Thrash Metal Poison Green X-Cranium 3)Death Metal/Black Metal Barrack Dripping Gore Eclipse Severe Dementia (formerly known as 666) Voodoo Economic 4)Gothic Metal Druids Page 2. 3)elements:Underground music basically depends on instruments as most of their music are instrumental. Again there are various genres of underground bands so they need to produce different types of music with various instruments. Most commonly they use electric guitar, bass guitar, keyboard, drums, guitar processors, equalizer, amp and so on. Sometimes they use voice synthesizer, percussions and studio effects. But it is not necessary that only electrical instruments are used in underground band music. Sometimes they also use acoustic instruments and classical instruments like Tablas, setter, bash, violin, cetera and so on. E underground bands in our country are originally influenced by western underground culture and their mainstream music. Our underground band musicians not only follow western music but also their on stage appearance. Even they try to elk on the life style of the western band members. The most popular and worldwide renowned bands are Metallic, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Megalith, Painter, Bullet For My Valentine, Children of Stood, Cradle of Filth, Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Green Days, Van Helen, System Of A Down, Dream Theatre, Lamb Of God, Godsends, Off Fighter, Tritium, Scorpions, and so on.Actually the number of the international underground bands is enormous. So the influence and effects of their music and life style has a great impact on the underground bands of our country. Page 13)Underground Musicians in Bangladesh: 13. 1 )Pioneer: Some musicians of underground bands play an important role in promoting and developing underground music and musical activities. They have given a lot to our underground music history. They are called pioneer because they not only have created some great songs but have also showed the way to walk through the path of underground music world to the next generation.Kamala, Tip, Salaam, Milan of Narrate, Summon, Raff, Pickup of Orthicon, Lincoln, Rasher, Shahs, Cezanne of Article, Ion, Tony, Johan of Black, Turbo of Cryptic Fate, Parrot of Souls, Shafts, Manama, Jewel, ours of Miles, Bibb Bacchus of LURE are the pioneer underground musicians in our country because they have entered the main stream music with their endless efforts. So new generation is looking towards them and entering the underground music Nor. 3. ) Facilities and Patronage: Ere underground musicians of our country hardly receive any financial support from families or any other institutions. They face difficulties to buy musical instruments own. Only main stream bands get support from various organizations. So facilities are very rare for the new underground bands. But after they become popular among the listeners their situation begins to change in a positive way. It becomes also a way to earning for them along with the popularity amongst the young generation and even in the society.So it is clear that underground bands and musicians create facilities of their own and carry on their musical Journey. Page 9)Events: 9. 1)Talent Hunt: Recently musical events in Bangladesh have become very popular. Common people are looking for various musical events and festivals. Almost in every functions and occasions we love to enjoy music. In this regard underground musical events are getting popularity and progressing rapidly. During these few years we have seen many big musical talent hunt shows in country.

Being Successful on a Job Interview Essay Example

Being Successful on a Job Interview Essay Being successful on a job interview A job is always important for a graduate or a post-graduate. Because being in a job is all you can ask for after completing your institutional education. Who doesn’t want to learn something from the real life? You would try your best to succeed in a job interview, because a job will let u experience the real life deal. But being successful in a job interview is not easy. There are few steps you can follow for succeeding on a job interview. First, you must wear nice clothes on your interview. A man must wear a formal shirt, pant, tie and shoe. A white shirt with black pant, tie and shoe looks really good. Hence, a suit is the most preferable for a man. A woman can wear a Saree (on Bangladesh’s perspective), but it shouldn’t be very colorful. A light colored saree (ex. Sky blue, light green, light pink etc) makes a woman look really admirable on a job interview. A suit is the most preferable for women also. You have to keep these in mind. Second, you should come a bit early on your interview day. This will let u relax your mind and get freshen up. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Successful on a Job Interview specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Being Successful on a Job Interview specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Being Successful on a Job Interview specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You can also prepare well if u come early and be ready when your name is called. On the other hand, you have to look at others and think about something that they don’t have. When the interview begins, go to the interview room slowly and greet the jury. It’ll make them think that you have no hurry and you are relaxed, which means you are a confident person. Third, be polite, clear, precise and confident. Being polite makes the jury think that you are from a good family and society. This obviously makes a good impression on them. You should also be clear and precise about what you are saying. If they don’t understand your words, they will definitely not like whatever you say or how precise you are. Confidence has a great influence on success. So you have to be confident on yourself and answer every single question confidently. No matter what strategy you maintain, don’t forget to be yourself, because it is the key to every success. Without being true to yourself, you cannot be true to others. So, always say the truth on your job interview. That’s the ultimate key.

The Disadvantages of Socialized Medicine essays

The Disadvantages of Socialized Medicine essays The topic of this paper is how socialized healthcare has disadvantages. Socialized healthcare is in the news today and is proposed by some leaders in both parties of Congress as the answer to insurance and health crises that are becoming apparent in the democratic system in the United States. Unemployment and inflation have made it impossible for many to afford private insurance and it is increasingly becoming the norm for businesses from large corporations to small businesses to not offer their employees health insurance. Today a bill to fund health insurance for underprivileged children is being debated in both houses and the President of the United States has threatened to veto it if it passes. Many people are for some sort of socialized healthcare today, but though the trend appears to be going that direction, there are factors that might be detrimental which must be considered before socialized healthcare becomes the norm. One must conclude that should socialized healthcare beco me part of the governmental system, there would be a few disadvantages that might outweigh its benefits. Great Britain is one nation which has had a National Health Service (NHS) since 1948. This initial experiment was more costly that predicted, the system was overloaded so that one in eight patients waited for over a year for treatment (Carvel, 2007, 2), the drugs administered were limited or unavailable for those who needed them, and the facilities were not up to par (Kelland, 2006, 1). Problems continue to plague the British health system, with government officials skimming funds and research lagging. One of the United States nearest neighbors, Canada, has enjoyed the Canada Health Act since 1984, when it established a publicly-financed, single-payer system and outlawed private health insurance. Although most Canadians approve of their public health system, there are problems such as long waits for specialized surgeries (Duff-Brown 1). Another...

Theology 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theology 101 - Essay Example Martyrdom of Perpetua and her Companions record that it is Perpetua’s brother who suggested to her that she could receive a vision. Dame Julian’s vision’s happened after a priest who visited her left. According to St. Augustine, human beings are an embodiment of the body and soul. St. Augustine believed that humans are responsible for their misfortunes because they choose corruptible things over incorruptible ones. In Confessions, he reckoned that he needed continence and chastity but he kept postponing. To Augustine, the soul is eternal and choosing the spiritual is what brings transformation to human hearts and souls. Paul divided human nature into three; the spirit, soul and body. Interestingly, in Romans 7, he uses the analogy of the inner and outer man revealing another one of his perspectives of human nature. Paul believed transformation in human hearts and souls comes after believing in Jesus. According to Paul, embracing spiritual life is the remedy for sin. Champions of the Protestant Reformation took issue with several aspects of the Roman Catholic theology. While, Roman Catholicism taught that the same deposit of faith inspired tradition and scripture, the reformers believed that the scripture was the only authority in the life a believer. The reformers held that salvation is the result of grace through faith contrary to what Roman Catholicism taught that salvation was solely by faith. Reformers held that all Christian believers were priests hence contending that Roman Catholic’s institution of the priest. Luther followed the footsteps of his predecessor reformers in his revolutionary actions. He stuck his ninety-five theses on a church and destroyed the pope’s warning of excommunication in public. Early western reformers remained in church neither executed nor excommunicated because of the hope that they would change their reformation ideas. The Second Vatican Council of the Catholic Church took place between

Do we need American hegemony in the global economic system to build Essay

Do we need American hegemony in the global economic system to build and maintain the liberal global capitalist economic order - Essay Example What is more relevant to this essay, though, is the mode and manner in which this grand transformation in global economics was brought about. It was not as if those different regimes across the world saw the merits of neo-liberal capitalism and assented to join in the party. The truth is much more complex and far less pretty that what propaganda has projected. It is reasonable to say that American military might had been the primary factor in bringing about this transformation. Either the threat of the forceful action or direct military involvement has been a coercive factor in the global economic order (the ongoing occupation of Iraq is a prominent recent example). There is also the interests of regional elites, who saw the benefits of aligning with the mighty at the cost of disregarding democratic considerations. Now into its fourth decade, neo-liberal capitalism seems to have strongly entrenched, and it is difficult to see how its march could be stopped. It is in this context that the topic question of this essay has to be pondered upon. The essay topic can be broken down into two components. First, we need to ask if neo-liberal

To Implement Primary Prevention Principles Designed to Address an Assignment

To Implement Primary Prevention Principles Designed to Address an Issue of Concern to the Entire School Community - Assignment Example   School psychologists, as well as school consultants help in the prevention program by providing school leaders a way to expose several procedures of how to deal with several problems of children, more particularly, student achievement, self-esteem enhancement, substance abuse, or crisis situations within school limits (Shaw, M. C., Goodyear, R. K., 1984). Nowadays, children are more demanding than in the previous era’s. Some children rather than others cannot make it normally. They need special and supportive training to get into the stream. (Stephen J. M., Astrid M. O’ M., March 2008). For the appraisal of these children which are usually left behind, prevention programs are being conducted by many school leaders. According to school psychologists, special training programs are required to be conducted in the premature level of their studies so as to make them build up their strong character. Prevention programs are one of them to help the students psychologically as well as mentally to enhance their behavior and get to know of dealing with certain critical situations which make them brave enough to start running again among the other normal children. Program to implement primary prevention principles: Primary schools have some funding collected to support pre- level children who are not making expected progress. The main aim of Prevention Programs is to raise the standard of all children. Strategies are to be made in order to give the children additional support in achievement as well as in dealing with another critical issue like substance abuse or crises management. Primary prevention program is a significant program that brings changes in the structural framework of each educational unit. This helps the children in memorizing common practices and consistent application of positive or negative reinforcement.  

Driverless Metro Train With Obstacle Detector Engineering Essay

Driverless Metro Train With Obstacle Detector Engineering Essay INTRODUCTION This project is designed to understand the technology used in driver less metro train. This technology is the future of the metro train. This train will be equipped with the microcontroller as the CPU, Sensors, Displays, and Motors. These trains will be designed for following the specific path. This microcontroller will be programmed such that door opens and close automatically when the train reaches its station. This microcontroller will be programmed for a specific path so that it knows the distance between two stations. It also opens the door when train reaches the station for a certain time and then closes. Also if the train is following its path and in front of train an obstacle is detected the sensor will sense the obstacle from a safer distance so that the train can be stopped before accident. In this project we are using the same pattern described above. Here we are using AT89S52 microcontroller as a CPU. One stepper motor is used for the train so that it can travel between the stations. Second, motor is used for the door open and close. For displaying the number of station and emergency message we are using 2 line LCD displays. Here the train is designed for ten stations numbered 1 to 10. LCD is used to display the message as station number reached. Also buzzer is used as a sound indicator of emergency alarm and door open. Sensor is used to detect the obstacle in front of the train. When the obstacle is detected the buzzer will sound , all the motors stop, and message will be displayed on the LCD. When the obstacle is removed the train will again start moving on its path. The train equipped with microcontroller controls LCD L293D motor driving IC PIR sensor Buzzer Led LIST OF COMPONENTS 1 IC 8051 MC (AT89S52) 1 2 IC L293D 1 3 Transformer (120 V to 12V) 1 4 Voltage Regulator 7806 1 5 Voltage Regulator 7812 1 6 2 X16 LCD display 1 7 Stepper Motor 2 8 Crystal Oscillator (11.0592 MHz) 2 9 Switch 1 10 LED 1 11 Resistors (1k,10k,8.2k,18 SIP10kÃŽÂ ©)- pack of each 12 Capacitors(22pf,10uf,1mf,10nf) pack of each 13 Diode IN4007 4 14 Buzzer 1 15 Transistor (5474A) 1 16 PIR 1 WORKING OF PROJECT: Driver less metro train project is typically based on microcontroller. Where microcontroller used as a CPU is controlling the entire circuit. The micro IC is programmed to follow the sequence of instruction or interrupts generated during the whole operation. The whole project circuit is divided into different parts so that it is easy to understand and debug. The main parts are Main microcontroller circuit L293D motor driving circuit Power supply circuit LCD circuit PIR sensor circuit These four parts are connected together to make the whole project functional. BLOCK DIAGRAM led POWER SUPPLY MICRO 8051 L293D IC MOTOR SENSOR PIR LCD 2X16 BUZZER CIRCUIT DESIGN (MULTISIM DESIGN, ULTIBOARD DESIGN) POWER SUPPLY For explaining the working of the project firstly we explain the architecture of the power supply. For this project we need the power supply that can convert 120V to 12V and 6 V. the main components used in the power supply are: DC POWER SUPPLLY Transformer (120V to 12V Step down, 0.5Amp) IN4007 diodes connected I bridge shape Voltage regulator 7806 and 7812 Capacitor (1uf,10 nf) Resistor (10 kohm) The 120 volts is step down by 12 volts by transformer. Then this 12V is rectified by the bridge rectifier made up of diodes. This bridge rectifier is used to provide DC voltage. Then the 12V is regulated by 7806 to 6V and 7812 to 12V. 1 micro farad capacitor is used to filter the pulsating DC voltage in order to get the pure DC. Here 6V is given to the microcontroller circuit. Other, 12V is given to the motor driving circuit. Here Voltage regulator is used so that no fluctuation occurs in order to get constant voltage. The LED attaches to check the correctness of power supply. PIR SENSOR PIR stands for Passive infrared sensor which detects the motion of the obstacle in front of the train. Its pin 1 is connected to the VCC, pin 3 connected to the ground and pin 2 is connected to the base 0 of the transistor. The output of the sensor is active high which is given to the base of the transistor. This transistor act like a not gate and convert active high input to active low output of the transistor output. The collector of the transistor is connected to the microcontroller port 3.0. Resistance is connected to the base of the transistor to prevent overflow of the current. The output of the PIR sensor is digital. When PIR sensor senses the obstacle in front of the it sends active low input through transistor to the microcontroller as a interrupt. When microcontroller gets this interrupt the programming in the microcontroller stops all the motor bringing the train to stop. Also the led will glow and buzzer will sound showing the presence of obstacle. LCD MODULE In our project we are using 2 line and 16 digit LCD display. This lcd has 16 pins. It is connected as a parallel port to the microcontroller. Here we are using 14 pins two pins are not being used. Out of these 14 pins, 8 pins are used for data lines to communicate with the microcontroller. These 8 pins are connected to the port 2.0 to port 2.7 of the microcontroller. When the message is to be displayed by the microcontroller it is transferred through these data pins. Here data bit D7 is used for showing the busy message. When D7=1 the LCD is busy and when it is D7=0 than it is not. RW, EN, and RD are connected to the port 3 pins P3.5 to P3.7. EN pin is used to detect the high to low pulse. RS=1 is used for register select that is data register to display data coming from microcontroller and RS=0 command register to get command from microcontroller like clrscr. For data register RS =1 and for command register RS=0. For RW we have R=1 and W=0. VCC pin is connected to 5V power supply, G ND pin is connected to ground. CV pin is connected to potentiometer which is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD. MOTOR DRIVING CIRCUIT The motor driving circuit depends upon the output of the microcontroller. 2 motors are connected to L293D IC. This IC is used separately to drive motor because the microcontroller voltage is low to drive the motors. L293D act as a amplifier for driving the motor. Here the output of the IC is same as the input the difference is just that the input voltage is amplified. Two motors are connected to the output of the IC. This L293D IC can rotate motor in either direction. L293D is connected to the port0 of the microcontroller through pull up resistor. In the staring both the motor are in off state. Each motor has two pins that are connected to the IC. Here instead of using both motor we are using CD tray motor that will act like a gate which will open when it get open command from microcontroller and close with the close command. we are using stepper motor that is a electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts electrical pulses into unique shaft rotations. This rotation is directly r elated to the number of pulses. This motor can be operated in forward/reverse with controllable speed from a microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. This stepper motor is a (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per step. Phase resistance (Ohms): 75 Â · Current (mA): 150 Â · Phase Inductance (mH): 39 Â · Detent torque (g-cm): 80 Â · Holding Torque (g-cm): 600 Â · Mounting hole space diagonal (in.): 1.73 Â · Mounting hole (in.) 0.11 Â · Shaft diameter (in.): 0.197 Â · Shaft length (in.): 0.43 Â · Motor Diameter (in.): 1.66 Â ·Motor height (in.): 1.35 Â · Weight: 0.55 lbs. BUZZER C:UsersAdminDesktopimages (1).jpg In this project buzzer is used as a alarm indicator. Buzzer has 2 pins its positive is connected to the supply voltage and negative pin is connected to microcontroller at port 1 pin p1.0. Buzzer will sound when it receive 0 from the microcontroller and stop when it receive 1 from P1.0. This buzzer will sound when the train reaches the station and also in case of emergency when obstacle is detected. AT89S52 C:UsersAdminDesktopAT89S52-MICROCONTROLLER-configuration.jpg The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. In this microcontroller 11.0592 crystal oscillator is used to produce clock pulses for the microcontroller functioning. These clock pulses are used for R/W cycle. 2 ceramic capacitor of 22pf are used to provide pure pulse to the microcontroller. A combination of resistance 10 kilo ohm and capacitor of 10uf are used to provide reset circuitry. When we provide power to microcontroller it should be reset for some time. The reset time is given by t= 1.1*R*C. This reset circuitry is connected to port 1 reset pin; this circuit can be manually reset using switch which is also connected to the reset pin. Interrupt pin INTO is connected to the output of the transistor which gives active low input as a interrupt. Port 0 is connected to 18 (10 kohm) SIP resistors to provide the external pull up. Port is used for the output to the motor driver circuit. Port 2 is connected to the LCD module. TROUBLESHOOT 1-Care should be taken while choosing the components with proper rating. 2- Power supply should maintain preventing short circuit. 3- Project should be handled with care since IC is delicate. 4- Project circuit should be simple so that it is to debug. 5-Etching and drilling holes should be done carefully. 6-Soldering should be done with proper precaution Advantages 1-Lower expenditure for staff .However, service and security personnel is common in automated systems. 2-Trains can be shorter and instead run more frequently without increasing expenditure for staff. 3-Service frequency can easily be adjusted to meet sudden unexpected demands.. 4-Intruder detection systems can be more effective than humans in stopping trains if someone is on the tracks. 5-Financial savings in both energy and wear-and-tear costs because trains are driven to an optimum specification. FUTURE SCOPE This project will be useful for the metro trains. This is very low cost project that can be help full in operating the train without driver. One can operate the train from remote distance. It will also be beneficial for the developing countries decreasing the cost of labors. Also the station information and emergency will also be displayed to the passengers. It will going to increase the technology trends. This is just a scratch to start this project there is a lot of improvement can be done in this project APPENDIX CODING FOR PROJECT #include void delay(unsigned int); void lcdcmd(unsigned char); void lcddata(unsigned char); void lcdready(); void welcome(); void obstacle(); void station(); void gate(); sfr ldata = 0xA0; sbit rs = P3^7; sbit rw = P3^6; sbit en = P3^5; sbit busy = P2^7; sbit m11 = P0^0; sbit m12 = P0^1; sbit m21 = P0^2; sbit m22 = P0^3; sbit alarm = P1^0; sbit led = P1^1; void ad(void) interrupt 0 { P0 = 0x00; alarm = 0; obstacle(); } void main(void) { IT0 = 0; // Configure interrupt 0 for falling edge on /INT0 (P3.2) EX0 = 1; // Enable EX0 Interrupt EA = 1; // Enable Global Interrupt Flag P0 = 0x00; alarm = 1; led = 1; m11 = m12 = m21 = m22 = 0; lcdcmd(0x38); lcdcmd(0x0E); lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x06); lcdcmd(0x81); while(1) { welcome(); station(); lcddata(1); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(2); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(3); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(4); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(5); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(6); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(7); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(8); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(9); led = 0; gate(); led = 1; m11 = 1; delay(1000); m11 = 0; station(); lcddata(1); lcddata(0); led = 0 ; gate(); led = 1; } } void gate() { m21 = 1; m22 = 0; delay(200); m21 = m22 = 0; delay(300); m21 = 0; m22 = 1; delay(200); m21 = m22 = 0; } void welcome() { unsigned char proj1[] = Metro Rail; unsigned char z; lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x83); for(z = 0; z { lcddata(proj1[z]); } delay(200); } void obstacle() { unsigned char obs1[] = Obstacle; unsigned char obs2[] = Detected; unsigned char z; lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x84); for(z = 0; z { lcddata(obs1[z]); } delay(100); lcdcmd(0xC4); for(z = 0; z { lcddata(obs2[z]); } } void station() { unsigned char st[] = Station ; unsigned char z; lcdcmd(0x01); lcdcmd(0x83); for(z = 0; z { lcddata(st[z]); } } void delay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for(i=0;i for(j=0;j } void lcdcmd(unsigned char value) { lcdready(); ldata = value; rs = 0; rw = 0; en = 1; delay(1); en = 0; return; } void lcddata(unsigned char value) { lcdready(); ldata = value; rs = 1; rw = 0; en = 1; delay(1); en = 0; return; } void lcdready() { busy = 1; rs = 0; rw = 1; while(busy == 1) { en = 0; delay(1); en = 1; } return; }

Gideon Vs. Wainwright Essay -- essays research papers

United States Supreme Court cases are argued and decided on Constitutional grounds. All arguments and decisions are based on interpretations of the original Constitution and, more often, on Constitutional amendments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GIDEON v. WAINWRIGHT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In June 1961, Clarence Gideon was arrested and charged with breaking and entering in Bay Harbor. He was tried in a Florida Circuit Court in August 1961. Gideon stated in Court that he was unable to afford a lawyer and asked the Judge to appoint one for him. The Judge said he was sorry but he could not do that, because the laws of Florida called for appointment of counsel only when a defendant was charged with a capital offense [where the death penalty might be imposed]. When the Florida courts denied his claim, he went to the Supreme Court. In his prison he submitted a petition, handwritten in pencil, arguing that Florida had ignored a rule laid down by the Supreme Court: â€Å" that all citizens tried for a felony crime should have aid of counsel.† Oral arguments were heard on January 15,1962 and the decision was announced on March 18, 1963.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, Gideon was wrong. The rule applied by the Supreme Court at that time was in fact exactly the opposite. The Constitution, it had held, did not guarantee free counsel to all felony defendants that are unable to retain their own. Since1942, when Betts v. Brady was decided by a divided Court, the problem of defend...

Cinematic Techniques in Film Narrative Essay

How do movies carry us from scene to scene? The answer is in the screenplay as well as the cinematic techniques used in the film. Scriptwriters will start their script with a series of meaningful cinematic techniques. Cinematic techniques such as the act structure, choice of shot, scene transition, and camera movement, can greatly influence the structure and meaning of a film. These techniques include the hook, establishing shot, montage, leitmotif, foreshadowing, transition, ‘MacGuffin’, ‘red herring’, ‘bus’, flashback, climax, and twist ending, and will be discussed in detail. The first and most important technique is the hook. The hook is the core of both a film and its screenplay. It is what grabs the viewer’s attention, usually in the first 5-10 minutes. It is used to captivate and take hold of an audience, blatantly speaking, ‘hooking them in’. If a film does not have a strong ‘hook’ then audiences can lose interest in that film, so a good scriptwriter would use this technique to captivate the audience, and retain their interest throughout the entire film. Almost every film contains a hook, but a great film will have an astonishing hook, for example, ‘Three days of the Condor’, 1975, directed by Sydney Pollack. Another example would include, ‘National Treasure’, 2004, directed by Jon Turteltaub. Knowing the importance of a good hook, many screenwriters write their hooks first. Conceivably, the life of a screenplay might evolve from hook to 1-page synopsis, to 4-page treatment, to full treatment, to scriptment, to screenplay. Another great cinematic technique is the establishing shot. The establishing shot is a long, wide-angle or full, shot at the beginning of a scene intended to show things from a distance. It is used to inform the audience with an overview in order to help identify and orient the locale. â€Å"An establishing shot in film and television sets up, or establishes the context for a scene by showing the relationship between its important figures and objects. It is generally a long- or extreme-long shot at the beginning of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the remainder of the scene takes place. † (‘Establishing Shot’, Wikipedia, viewed 27 May 2010, ) An example of a film with an effective establishing shot is ‘The Dark Knight’, 2008, directed by Christopher Nolan. A cinematic technique frequently used in film is the montage. Montage is a form of movie collage consisting of a series of short shots or images that are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information. It is usually used to suggest the passage of time. Montage sequences typically combine numerous short shots with special optical effects such as dissolves, cuts, fades, super-impositions, and wipes. These effects are often used to link the images in a montage sequence. One of the best-known examples is the training sequence in the 1976 movie ‘Rocky’, which culminates in Rocky’s run up the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Another cinematic technique is a leitmotif. A leitmotif is an intentionally-repeated, recurring element or theme associated with a particular person, idea, scene, or action. It can be a repeated sound, shot, bit of dialogue, or piece of music, that helps unify a film by reminding the viewer of its earlier appearance. An example of a leitmotif is in the ‘Star Wars’ series, in which composer John Williams uses a large number of themes specifically associated with people and concepts, for example, a particular idea attaches to the idea of ‘the force’. Foreshadowing is another cinematic technique regularly used by filmmakers. Foreshadowing is a literary technique used to provide subtle clues for the viewer to be able to predict what might occur later on in the film. It is a literary device in which an author will drop hints about the plot and what may come in the near future. These hints are normally in the form of symbols, images, motifs, repetition, dialogue or mood. These hints are an indication of what’s going to happen next in the story and usually suggests plot developments that will occur later in the story. A perfect example of foreshadowing is in the movie Star Wars Episode Two, Obi Wan is quoted, â€Å"Why do I get the feeling you will be the death of me? † He is later killed by Anakin, whom he is speaking to in the quote. Transitions are very important elements to a film, if used appropriately they can add a great deal of value to a scene. A film transition is a technique by which scenes or shots are juxtaposed. The most common transition used is a cut, however, many films will also include selective use of other transitions, usually to convey a tone or mood, suggest the passage of time, or separate parts of the story. These other transitions may include fade, dissolve, wipe, and transition focus. A transition focus is when the current scene goes out of focus and the next scene comes into focus. This type of transition can be seen in the film ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’. A very interesting cinematic technique is the ‘MacGuffin’. â€Å"A MacGuffin is a plot element that catches the viewers’ attention or drives the plot of a work of fiction. The defining aspect of a MacGuffin is that the major players in the story are, at least initially, willing to do and sacrifice almost anything to obtain it, regardless of what the MacGuffin actually is. In fact, the specific nature of the MacGuffin may be ambiguous, undefined, generic, left open to interpretation or otherwise completely unimportant to the plot. Examples might include money, victory/glory, survival, a source of power, a potential threat, etc†¦.or something entirely unexplained. † (‘MacGuffin’, Wikipedia, viewed 29 May 2010, < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MacGuffin>) A ‘Red Herring’ is a cinematic technique that is commonly used in thriller films and intended to distract the reader from a more important event in the plot, usually a twist ending. One of the best examples of the use of a red herring in contemporary film can be found in the 2004 movie ‘Saw’. During the whole film, two characters spend time imprisoned in a room in which a third character lies dead. Throughout the film, both characters appear to be guilty of a series of murders, until is discovered at the end that the third person in the room is not actually dead. He is, in fact, the killer. A quite effective scene used more commonly lately is the flashback scene. A flashback is a transition to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story. It is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached. Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story’s primary sequence of events or to fill in crucial backstory. The popular television series ‘Lost’ primarily uses flashback sequences to fill in backstory to all of the characters. The Climax of a film is the arguably the most important point of a film or narrative. It is the highest point of anxiety or tension in a story or film in which the central character faces, confronts, and deals with the consequences of all his/her actions. The climax of the 1997 film ‘The Titanic’ is when the ship hits the iceberg. The last cinematic technique discussed is the twist ending or surprise ending. A twist ending is when a film has an unexpected or a surprise ending that isn’t revealed until the end of the picture. This may cause us to re-evaluate the characters and narrative. One of the most recognised twist endings in history is that of the 1999 film ‘The Sixth Sense’. The shocking twist ending is when it is revealed that Bruce Willis’s character has been dead the whole time. How do movies carry us from scene to scene? It’s usually the story’s fascinating hook, dramatic climax, and all of the cinematic elements in between. Excellent filmmakers will use a great deal, if not all, of these cinematic techniques to greatly influence the structure and meaning of a film.

Italian Personal Pronouns - Pronomi Personali

Italian Personal Pronouns - Pronomi Personali Italian personal pronouns (pronomi personali) replace proper or common Italian nouns (and in some cases even animals or things). There are three forms in the singular and three forms in the plural. They are also further divided into personal subject pronouns (pronomi personal soggetto) and personal object pronouns (pronomi personali complemento). Personal Subject Pronouns (Pronomi Personali Soggetto) Oftentimes in Italian, the personal subject pronouns are implied because the form of the verb indicates the person. egli (he) and ella (she) refer only to people: Egli (Mario) ascoltà ² la notizia in silenzio.He (Mario) heard the news in silence. Ella (Marta) gli rimproverava spesso i suoi difetti.She (Martha) often reproached him for his faults. NOTE: ella is now a literary form and has fallen into disuse in spoken language. esso (he) and essa (she) refer to animals and things: Mi piace quel cane perchà © (esso) sia un bastardino.I like that dog because (he) is a mutt. NOTE: In colloquial language essa is also used to indicate people. essi (they) and esse (they) refer to people, animals and things: Scrissi ai tuoi fratelli perchà © (essi) sono i miei migliori amici.I wrote to your brothers because they are my best friends. Il cane inseguà ¬ le pecore abbaiando ed esse si misero a correre.The barking dog chased the sheep and they began to run. NOTE: Often, in the spoken language, but also when written, the personal object pronouns lui (him), lei (her), and loro (them) function as the subject, and in particular:  »Ã‚  When they follow the verb È stato lui a dirlo non io.It was him who said it, not I.  »Ã‚  When you want to give special emphasis to the subject Ma lui ha scritto!But he wrote!  »Ã‚  In comparisons Marco fuma, lui (Giovanni) non ha mai fumato.Mark smokes, he (John) has never smoked.  »Ã‚  In exclamations Povero lui!Poor him! Beata lei!Lucky you!  »Ã‚  After anche, come, neanche, nemmeno, persino, proprio, pure, and quanto Anche loro vengano al cinema.They too are at the cinema. Nemmeno lei lo sa.Not even she knows. Lo dice proprio lui.He says it himself. Personal Object Pronouns (Pronomi Personali Complemento) In Italian, personal object pronouns replace direct objects and indirect objects (that is, those preceded by a preposition). They have toniche (tonic) and atone (atonic) forms. toniche or forti (strong) are those forms that have a strong emphasis in the sentence: È a me che Carlo si riferisce.Its me that Charles is referring to. Voglio vedere te e non tuo fratello.I want to see you and not your brother. atone or debole (weak) (also called particelle pronominali) are those forms that do not have particular significance and that may depend on the adjacent word. The unstressed forms are referred to as:  »Ã‚  proclitiche when they relate to the word they precede Ti telefono da Roma.Ill phone from Rome. Ti spedirà ² la lettera al pià ¹ presto.Ill send the letter as soon as possible.  »Ã‚  enclitiche, when they relate to the previous word (usually the imperative or indefinite forms of the verb), giving rise to a single form Scrivimi presto! Write to me soon! Non voglio vederlo.I do not want to see it. Credendolo un amico gli confidai il mio segreto.Thinking he was a friend, I confided in him my secret. NOTE: When verbal forms are truncated the consonant of the pronoun is doubled. fa a me- fammidi a lei- dille Pronomi Personali PERSONA SOGGETTO COMPLEMENTO Forme Toniche Forme Atone 1a singolare io me mi (reflexive) 2a singolare tu te ti (reflexive) 3a singolare maschile egli, esso lui, s (reflexive) lo, gli, si (reflexive), ne femminile ella, essa lei, s (reflexive) la, le, si (reflexive), ne 1a plurale noi noi ci (reflexive) 2a plurale voi voi vi (reflexive) 3a plurale maschile essi loro, s li, si (reflexive), ne femminile esse loro, s le, si (reflexive), ne

Days of Heven essays

Days of Heven essays - Screenplay written by Terrence Malick - Cinematography by Nestor Almendors - Music by Leo Kottke and Ennio Morricone - Production by Bret Schneider and Harold Schneider - Robert J. Wilke as The Farmer Foremen Days of Heaven Is the story of a group of Migrant Workers who are searching for a good life that was never meant to be. The movie tells the life of Bill a Migrant Worker, his lover Abby and his kid sister Linda. The story is told through Lindas eyes. Bill finds work at a farm where he and the other two work for a wile. The farmer falls for Abby. Bill sees this as an opportunity for a better life. This is where the movie goes through the problems that occur and so on. The movie is somewhat slow paced. A person would need to have some patience and a good appreciation for movies, to real enjoy the movie. One would need to really pay attention to the film to know what is going on. At times it is very easy to get lost on where the movie is going. Although, the story is told through Linda, so we only know what she knows and thinks is going on. The story line pretty much stays to the main topic. There are a few times when the film will show things not pertaining to the main plot. Yet, this may be done to give a better since of what is going on at the time. This is done to better understand the character and what is going on around them at the time being. The visual effects of how it was in that day and time were terrific. The scenery of the farm next to the train track shows a good description of what the country looked like in that time. The costumes also added a great deal to the move. They showed how plain the clothes b ...

Gender Issues in Africca Expressed through Literature Term Paper

Gender Issues in Africca Expressed through Literature - Term Paper Example The rest of this essay will highlight, compare and contrast the gender issues discussed in these novels. In particular it will argue that the two books in question bring key insight, understanding and a message of hope to women’s issues in their respective countries. So Long a Letter (originally published in French as ‘Une si longue lettre’), gives voice to women of Senegal in particular and Western Africa in general. It is written by Mariama Ba and is semi-autobiographical in content. Ramatoulaye Fall is the protagonist and first-person narrator of this epistolary novel. Addressed to her close friend Aissatou Ba, the letter was prompted by the narrator’s recent and unexpected widowhood. Ramatoulaye recounts to Aissatou the circumstances and the shock accompanying her husband’s death due to heart-attack. But having adopted the novel form, the letter touches upon topics far and beyond that of her immediate grief. And through her forays into all aspect s of women’s social rules and restrictions the feminist voice of the author comes alive. (Ba-Curry et.al, 2008, p.112) Especially astute are Ba’s grasp of interpersonal equations and balance of power between the two genders: â€Å"A woman is like a ball; once a ball is thrown, no one can predict where it will bounce. You have no control over where it rolls, and even less over who gets it. Often it is grabbed by an unexpected hand...Whereas a woman draws from the passing years the force of her devotion, despite the ageing of her companion, a man, on the other hand, restricts his field of tenderness. His egoistic eye looks over his partner's shoulder. He compares what he had with  what  he no long has, what he has with what he could have. (Ba, 1980, p.42) The novel Everything Good Will Come by Sefi Atta has thematic similarities in that its protagonist also is a girl living in postcolonial Nigeria and England. But compared to Miriama Ba’s work, Atta’s novel is created in a much broader canvas, covering political developments, ethnic conflict, crime as well as interpersonal relationships. The chief character in the novel is that of Enitan, who is confronting in her life various issues that have engulfed postcolonial Nigeria. Some of the most realistic and poignant passages in the novel pertain to the ethnic strife between groups such as Youruba, Igbo (Biafrans) and Housas, which has stifled progress and development in sovereign Nigeria. (Olowonmi, 2008, p.55) Sefi Atta emphasizes ‘bonding’ as a mechanism for achieving communal bliss. Via bonding, key characters in the story are able to share their burden and fight bravely to resist their oppressors and seek freedom for their loved ones. Dismantling this cloak of disillusionment then becomes a text-type for the survival of democratic governance in her country. According to the United Nations’ Global Human Development Report (2002) governance in action includes i nstitutions, rules and political processes. And these factors determine if economies grow, children go to school, and whether human development moves forward or backward. Thus, this perspective â€Å"is in consonance with the writer's vision when he/she moves through enormous materials to organize and orchestrate in order to open a window to prospective horizons as his/her art reflects reality. And conclusively, the writer caves for the deepening of democratic governance in Nigeria to ensure that the use of power in public affairs gives premium to human

Men and Women in Contemporary America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Men and Women in Contemporary America - Essay Example The paper will also look at those roles that have not changed and how it is affecting both male and females. Over the years, gender roles have changed tremendously. Long time ago it was the men who were tasked with the responsibility of fending for their families. Women were never allowed to engage in any economic activities. This has, however, changed due to the rise in the cost of living. Men have now been forced to allow their wives to work so that they can help fend for their families. Some women have even gone further and claimed high managerial positions. Being head of an organization, they have to give out orders to their subordinates. Some of their subordinates happen to be men. This has forced men to accept that women can take up leadership positions in various organizations (Sudha 65). The need for two incomes in a family has forced women to engage in economic activities so that they can be able to compliment the income of their husbands. This has forced women to abandon so me of their traditional duties which included taking care of the children, taking care of the home and making sure that everything is in order. When they take up the role of complimenting their husband’s income they are forced to employ, house helps who have now had to play some of the roles of a wife. Cleaning the house, taking care of children and preparing meals are some of these chores. Women have recently left their traditional roles and are now actively involved in economic activities so as to support their incomes. Sometimes women find themselves as the sole bread winners of the family. This has had an effect on their husbands who have to be left at home to take care of children and perform household chores. When the woman is the breadwinner the man is usually forced to take up some of the roles that were traditionally played by women. They are forced to stay back at home and take care of the family. When women are breadwinners in their families, they are forced to aba ndon some of the activities they used to perform. They are forced to let their husbands to play some the duties they used to perform with the help of a housewife. They will take up the responsibility of providing for their families. This is never an easy task, however, but they are usually left with no other alternatives (Das and Vijay 78). Long time ago women were never allowed to go to school. However, this has become something of the past. The government has made sure that every boy and girl attends school. This is because school equips us with vital skills that vital skills that we can be able to use in the future. School happens to be one of the places where competition is embraced. There are also various levels of education in our educational system. Some women are more educated than men (Wayne 92). That is they are highly qualified when it comes to sourcing for jobs. This has had an effect on men’s egos. They are, therefore, forced to be competitive so as to keep up wi th men. Recent research has shown that women are highly educated than men. It is high time that men stepped up their game and ensured they are able to compete with women academically. Research has shown that men fear women who are usually highly educated than them. Women who are more learned than men are usually open to numerous job opportunities. This has enabled them to quit some of their traditional roles. As they say, education is the key to success. These women who are more

Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prostitution - Essay Example Geishas, hetaeras, and nowadays escort boys and girls remain true to their profession. Reasons for different people are various: at first, there is a certain type of power and connections a prostitute may receive while â€Å"communicating† with people; according to words of madam - girls in sex industry are correlated to success, treated very well and receive a generous compensation for their time. Clients could have remained friends with some of them and would send them money for bills or education. So-called girls could make over $10,000 per week for a couple of nights (Davis). â€Å"The most Ive ever made is  £30,000 in a month† - tells a host, Josh Brandon, from London. The other reason is a decent payment and acceptable schedule, of which not so many other works can boast, "Working in a bar was just no good - too much work and not enough money," - Tommy says (Magazine). Also, it is clear, that legal prostitutes take their job seriously and cautiously in both fina ncial and health issues. It is stated, that prostitutes are often more aware of safe sex than average people, and their work is scheduled, has a rate and is bound with solving legal financial and social issues - as any other job. Government also can receive profit from prostitution, under the condition it’s being legal. â€Å"Germany legalized prostitution in 2002, creating an industry now thought to be worth 16bn euros a year† (Reed). Although prostitution is illegal everywhere in America except Nevada, old figures put its value at $14 billion annually nationwide; surely an underestimate. More recent calculations in Britain, where prostitution is legal but pimping and brothels are not, suggest that including it would boost GDP figures by at least  £5.3 billion ($8.9 billion) ("A personal choice"). Actual profit is received not only in financial, but also in

Data-collection in Qualitative Research Essay Example for Free

Data-collection in Qualitative Research Essay This Chapter is about methods and techniques in data-collection during a qualitative research. We mentioned earlier that qualitative research is eclectic. That is, the choice of techniques is dependent on the needs of the research. Although this should be true for almost all social research, it is particularly so with qualitative research in that the appropriate method or techniques is often identified and adopted during the research. Qualitative research is also multi-modal. The researcher may adopt a variety of research techniques, or a combination of such, as long as they are justified by the needs. The discussion below is therefore not to identify a set of techniques unique to qualitative research, but rather, to introduce the methods and techniques most commonly used in qualitative research, and the issues related to such use. We shall introduce the methods and techniques in three broad categories: observations, interviews and study of documents. These are also the basic methods used in cultural anthropology (Bernard, 1988:62). Indeed, the discussions about qualitative research in education can be viewed as a particular case in cultural anthropology. Observations Observation usually means the researchers act to find out what people do (Bernard, 1988:62). It is different from other methods in that data occur not necessarily in response to the researchers stimulus. Observation may be obtrusive or unobtrusive. A researcher may simply sit in the corner of a school playground and observe how students behave during breaks. He may also stand by the school gate and observe how students behave at the school gate. Such cases of observation may be seen as unobtrusive. In other cases, the researchers may not apply any stimuli, but their presence per se may have some influence on the scene. The most common example in this category is classroom observation. Although the researcher may just sit quietly at the corner of a classroom, the presence of the researcher may  change the classroom climate. It is, nonetheless, still observation. Observation is a basic technique used in almost all qualitative research. Even if other methods or techniques are used, the researcher remains the most essential sensor or instrument and hence observation always counts (McCracken, 1988:18-20). For example, when interviewing is used, a qualitative researcher also takes into account the tonic or facial expressions of the informant, because they help interpret the verbal responses. Such expressions are only sensed by observation. If the interview is done in the field, then the surroundings of the interview site also provide meaningful data for the research. The surroundings can only be depicted through observation. Hence observation is indispensable in almost all occasions of qualitative research. However, the term observation may sometimes go beyond what is seen. It also pertains to what is heard, and even sometimes what is smelled. Case 4.1 provides one of such examples. Case 4.1: Classroom Observation Scheme In the IIEP project on basic education, Leung designed for the Chinese research a scheme for classroom observation. Classroom was taken as one of the environmental factors affecting students learning. The scheme was designed after Leung stayed in local schools for two days. The scheme did not confine itself to the performance of the teacher, although that was a part. The figure on the next page shows one of the six sections of the scheme. Different writers have different ways of classifying observations. Without running into juggling of definitions, we shall briefly introduce observations as participant observations and non-participant observations. More detailed classification of observations can be found in Bernard (1988), Goetz and LeCompte (1984) and Patton (1990). Participant Observation Participant observation is perhaps the most typical of qualitative research.  Some authors even use participant observation as a synonym for ethnographic research. Different writers may have slightly different definitions of participant observation. The following description by Fetterman is perhaps the most agreeable to most researchers. Participant observation is immersion in a culture. Ideally, the ethnographer lives and works in the community for six months to a year or more, learning the language and seeing patterns of behaviour over time. Long-term residence helps the researcher internalize the basic beliefs, fears, hopes and expectations of the people under study. (1989:45) Immersion of the participant can either be continuous or noncontinuous. The three classical cases we quoted in Chapter 1 all include participation in the continuous mode. Lis study of classroom sociology (Cases 3.8 and 3.9) involved one years continuous residence. In the second and third year she went to the school three days a week. She combined continuous with noncontinuous participant observations. Fetterman used noncontinuous participation when he was doing qualitative evaluation of educational programmes. Case 4.2: Noncontinuous Visits In two ethnographic studies, of dropouts and of gifted children, Fetterman visited the programmes for only a few weeks every couple of months over a three-year period. The visits were intensive. They included classroom observation, informal interviews, occasional substitute teaching,interaction with community members, and the use of various other research techniques, including long-distance phone-calls, dinner with students families, and time spent hanging out in the hallways and parking lot with students cutting classes. (Fetterman, 1989:46-7) II. Environment of the classroom 1. The classroom is on the _____ floor of the school building. 2. The classroom is near ( ) residential area ( ) factories ( ) road(s) ( ) field ( ) marketplace ( ) others _______________________________________ 3. The number of windows which provide lighting and ventilation to the classroom: ( ) satisfies the required standard ( ) is below the required standard 4. The main artificial lighting facility in the classroom is: ( ) florescent tubes total no.__________________ ( ) light bulbs total no.__________________ 5. Condition of lighting during the lesson : ( ) bright ( ) dim ( ) dark 6. Ventilation in the classroom: ( ) well ventilated ( ) stuffy ( ) suffocating 7. Quality of air in the classroom: ( ) refreshing ( ) a bit smelly ( ) stingy 8. Environments for listening: ( ) very quiet ( ) occasional noise ( ) noisy 9. Classrooms floor structure: ( ) concrete ( ) log ( ) mud ( ) carpet 10. Classrooms floor condition: ( ) clean ( ) some litter ( ) full of rubbish 11. Classrooms wall conditions: ( ) smooth clean ( ) some stains ( ) dirty damaged 12. Classrooms area: _____________m2; area/person: _____ m2. 13. Space use in classroom: ( ) looks spatial ( ) fairly crowded ( ) very crowded 14. Furniture and other article arrangements in the classroom: ( ) orderly and tidy ( ) messy 1Figure 1 Classroom Observation Scheme (Designed by Leung Yat-ming) Whytes experience in the Italian slum (Case 2) is perhaps the nearest to ideal in participant observation. He stayed in the community for two years. He experienced the life of a member of the Italian slum. In Whytes case, native membership allows the researcher the highest level of participant observation. Most researchers are denied such an opportunity, often because of constraints in time and resources, as we have discussed at length in Chapter 3. Under all sorts of constraints, at best the researcher lives as much as possible with and in the same manner as the individuals under investigation (Goetz and LeCompte, 1984: 109). In these circumstances, the researchers may not claim that they was doing ethnography, but it is legitimate to apply ethnographic approach and techniques to the study (Fetterman, 1989:47). Participant observation in its broad sense therefore tolerates different lengths of time and different degrees of depth. There is a full range of possible modes of participant observation, what Wolcott calls ethnographer sans[1] ethnography (Wolcott, 1984: 177). The most frequent case in education is that a researcher may stay in a school and become a teacher in that school. The researcher identity may or may not be disguised. The researcher may then, as a participant, observe teachers behaviours in teaching, in meetings, in conversations, and so forth. Sometimes, the researcher is readily a member of the community (say, a school) and may still carry out research as a participant observer. However, in this case, the researcher should be aware of his/her knowledge of the community and should be cautious that such knowledge would not lead to preoccupations about the school under research. In cases where the researchers have successfully gained membership (as Whyte did in the Italian  slum), the distinction between a native member and the researcher-as-participant begins to blur. This insider-outsider dialectics will be further discussed later. Nonparticipant Observation Strictly speaking, nonparticipant observation involves merely watching what is happening and recording events on the spot. In the qualitative orientation, because of the non-intervention principle, strict nonparticipant observation should involve no interaction between the observer and the observed. Goetz and LeCompte assert that in the strict sense nonparticipant observation exists only where interactions are viewed through hidden camera and recorder or through one-way mirror (1984: 143). Dabbs (1982:41), for example, used hidden camera in Atlanta at a plaza in Georgia State University, and studied an informal group that frequently gathered during the morning break. There are examples of using hidden video-cameras in school toilets to study drug problem among students, or to use unnoticed audio recording device to study student interactions. The use of audio or video recording device often invites concern in ethnical considerations. Such problems are similar to those arising in using one-way mirrors in interviews or psychological experiments. Such cases are rare in policy-related research. Another case of nonparticipant observation with ethical problem is disguised observation, or covert observation. A typical example is Humphreys (1975) study on homosexual activities. He did not participate in such activities, but offered to act as watch queen, warning his informants when someone approached the toilet. Another famous example is Van Maanens covert study of police. He became practically a police recruit. Over more than a decade, he slipped in and out of the police in various research roles (Van Maanen, 1982). Covert observations are again rare in research which is related to educational decision-making. Hidden camera or recorder and covert observation occur only exceptionally.  Most author would accept the watching of audience behaviour during a basketball game (Fetterman, 1989:47) or the watching of pedestrian behaviour over a street as acceptable examples of nonparticipant observations. Interaction between the researcher and the social community under study is often unavoidable. We have again discussed this at length in Chapter 3 under the notion of researcher intervention. If we perceive the problem of intervention as a matter of degrees, then the distinction between participant observation and nonparticipant observation begins to blur. The general principle across the board is that the researchers should minimize their interactions with the informants and focus attention unobtrusively on the stream of events (Goetz and LeCompte, 1984:143). Wolcotts study of school principal (Case 3) was perhaps the most intensive type of nonparticipant observation that one could find in the realm of education. (He also used other supplementary methods as mentioned in Case 3). He did live with the school for two years, but he did not participate as a school principal which was his subject of study. He saw his role as one of participant-as-observer (Wolcott, 1984:7). So was Lis study (Case 3.8) of classroom sociology in her first year. She did stay with the school as a teacher but she never became a student which was her subject of study. The following two years of her study, however, was not nonparticipant observation because she applied experimental measures. During the UNICEF research in Liaoning, the basic method I used was interviewing and not nonparticipant observation, but I did have, at times, nonparticipant observation when debates occurred between the local planners and the provincial planners (Case 3.7), or when planners chat among themselves about their past experience in the field. The most frequently employed nonparticipant observation which is relevant to educational decision-making is perhaps observation at meetings. Typically, the researcher attends a meeting as an observer. The researcher tries to be as unobtrusive as possible and records everything that happens during the meeting. When Wolcott did his study on the school principal, he was present at all meetings unless he was told otherwise (Wolcott, 1984:4). The following was my experience of a non-participant observation in China. Case 4.3: A Validation Seminar I realized during the UNICEF research in Liaoning (Case 4) that one essential step in the planning for basic education in China was validation. When drafting of an education plan was complete, the draft plan had to undergo scrutiny in what is known as a validation seminar. In essence, all those related to the plan, including leaders at all levels, representatives of all relevant government departments, experts from all areas are invited to discuss. Relevant documents are sent to the participants well in advance. They are then asked to comment on the plan during the validation exercise. Only validated plans are submitted to relevant machinery for legislation. The validation seminar for Liaoning was unfortunately held before the UNICEF research. I got an opportunity, however, a year after in 1988, when the Shanghai educational plan was to undergo validation. The host of the meeting agreed to send me an invitation. I attended the meeting in the name of an external expert, although I made clear to the host that my major task was not to contribute. They agreed. During the meeting, I was able to observe the roles of the various actors during the meeting. I was also able to talk to individual participants during tea breaks and meals to understand their background and their general views about educational planning. I was able to do a number of things over the two-day meeting: (a) to classify the over 40 participants into technocrats, bureaucrats, policy-makers and academics; (b) to understand the different extents in which the participants contributed to the modification of the plan; (c) the disparity in capacity among participants in terms of information and expertise; (d) the inter-relations between the different categories of actors and (e) the function of the validation exercise. In the end, I concluded that validation was a way of legitim ation, which employed both technical (expert judgement) and political (participation) means to increase the acceptability of the plan before it went for legal endorsement. The political aspect came to me as a surprise. It indicated a change in the notion of rationality among Chinese planners and policy-makers. Interviewing Interviewing is widely used in qualitative research. Compared with observation, it is more economical in time, but may achieve less in understanding the culture. The economy in time, however, makes ethnographic interviewing almost the most widely used technique in policy-related research. Interviewing is trying to understand what people think through their speech. There are different types of interviews, often classified by the degrees of control over the interview. Along this line, we shall briefly introduce three types of interviewing: informal interviewing, unstructured interviewing, semi-structured interviewing, and formally structured interviewing. We shall also briefly introduce key-informant interviewing and focus groups which are specific types of ethnographic interviewing. Qualitative research of course has no monopoly over interviewing. Interviewing is also frequently used in research of other traditions. The difference between ethnographic interviewing and interviewing in other traditions lies mainly in two areas: the interviewer-interviewee relationship and the aims of interviews. Ethnographic interviewees, or informants, are teachers rather than subjects to the researcher, they are leaders rather than followers in the interview. The major aim of the interview should not be seeking responses to specific questions, but initiating the informant to unfold data. Readers may find more detailed discussions about ethnographic interviewing in Spradley (1979) who provides perhaps the most insightful account of the subject. In-depth discussions about ethnographic interviewing can also be found in Bernard (1988), Patton (1990), Fetterman (1989) and Powney and Watts (1987). Informal Interviewing Informal interviewing entails no control. It is usually conversations that the researcher recall after staying in the field. It is different from  observation in that it is interactive. That is, the informant speaks to the researcher. By its own nature, informal interviewing is the most ethnographic in the sense that it is not responding to any formal question. It is part of the self-unfolding process.